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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 81(11): 989-999, Nov. 2023. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1527894

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a public health emergency worldwide, predominantly affecting the respiratory tract. However, evidence supports the involvement of extrapulmonary sites, including reports of intracranial hemorrhages. Objective To describe six original cases and review the literature on intracranial hemorrhages in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by molecular methods. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, and NCBI electronic databases to identify eligible studies. Of the total 1,624 articles retrieved, only 53 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results The overall incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 0.26%. In this patient group, the mean age was 60 years, and the majority were male (68%) with initial respiratory symptoms (73%) and some comorbidity. Before the diagnosis of hemorrhage, 43% of patients were using anticoagulants, 47.3% at therapeutic doses. The intraparenchymal (50%) was the most affected compartment, followed by the subarachnoid (34%), intraventricular (11%), and subdural (7%). There was a predominance of lobar over non-lobar topographies. Multifocal or multicompartmental hemorrhages were described in 25% of cases. Overall mortality in the cohort studies was 44%, while around 55% of patients were discharged from hospital. Conclusion Despite the unusual association, the combination of these two diseases is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, as well as more severe clinicoradiological presentations. Further studies are needed to provide robust evidence on the exact pathophysiology behind the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhages after COVID-19 infection.


Resumo Antecedentes A COVID-19 emergiu como uma emergência de saúde pública em todo o mundo, proporcionando lesão principalmente do trato respiratório. No entanto, várias evidências apontam para acometimento de sítios extrapulmonares, incluindo relatos de hemorragias intracranianas. Objetivo Descrever seis casos originais e revisar a literatura sobre hemorragias intracranianas em pacientes com diagnostico de COVID-19 por métodos moleculares. Métodos A revisão sistemática da literatura foi feita nas bases de dados eletrônicas da MEDLINE, PubMed e NCBI para identificar os estudos elegíveis. Do total de 1.624 artigos recuperados, apenas 53 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Resultados A incidência geral de hemorragia intracraniana nos pacientes internados por COVID-19 foi de 0,26%. A média de idade foi de 60 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (68%) com sintomas respiratórios iniciais (73%) e alguma comorbidade. Antes do diagnóstico de hemorragia, 43% estavam em uso de anticoagulantes, 47,3% destes em doses terapêuticas. O compartimento mais acometido foi o intraparenquimatoso (50%), seguido do subaracnoideo (34%), intraventricular (11%) e subdural (7%). Houve predomínio de topografias lobares sobre as não-lobares. Hemorragias multifocais ou multicompartimentais foram descritas em 25% dos casos. A mortalidade geral nos estudos de coorte foi de 44%, enquanto houve alta hospitalar em cerca de 55% dos pacientes. Conclusão Apesar da associação incomum, a combinação dessas doenças está relacionada com altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, bem como apresentações clínico-radiológicas mais graves. Mais estudos são necessários para oferecer evidências robustas sobre a fisiopatologia exata por trás da ocorrência de hemorragias intracranianas após infecção por COVID-19.

2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(4): 344-352, Apr. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374468

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Transcranial Doppler has been tested in the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics as a non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP), but there is controversy in the literature about its actual benefit and usefulness in this situation. Objective: To investigate cerebral blood flow assessed by Doppler technique and correlate with the variations of the ICP in the acute phase of intracranial hypertension in an animal model. Methods: An experimental animal model of intracranial hypertension was used. The experiment consisted of two groups of animals in which intracranial balloons were implanted and inflated with 4 mL (A) and 7 mL (B) for controlled simulation of different volumes of hematoma. The values of ICP and Doppler parameters (systolic [FVs], diastolic [FVd], and mean [FVm] cerebral blood flow velocities and pulsatility index [PI]) were collected during the entire procedure (before and during hematoma simulations and venous hypertonic saline infusion intervention). Comparisons between Doppler parameters and ICP monitoring were performed. Results: Twenty pigs were studied, 10 in group A and 10 in group B. A significant correlation between PI and ICP was obtained, especially shortly after abrupt elevation of ICP. There was no correlation between ICP and FVs, FVd or FVm separately. There was also no significant change in ICP after intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of PI as a parameter for the evaluation of patients with suspected ICP elevation.


RESUMO Antecedentes: O Doppler transcraniano (DTC) é uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação da hemodinâmica cerebral, porém existem controvérsias na literatura sobre sua aplicabilidade preditiva em situações de elevada pressão intracraniana (PIC). Objetivo: Investigar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral pelo DTC e correlacioná-lo com as variações da PIC na fase aguda da hipertensão intracraniana em modelo animal. Métodos: Dois grupos de animais (suínos) foram submetidos a hipertensão intracraniana secundária à indução de diferentes volumes de hematoma, por meio da insuflação de balão intracraniano controlado com 4 e 7 mL de solução salina fisiológica (grupos A e B, respectivamente). Em seguida, administrou-se infusão venosa de solução salina hipertônica (SSH 3%). Foram coletados os valores dos parâmetros de PIC e DTC (velocidade sistólica [FVs], diastólica [FVd] e média [FVm] do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral), bem como o índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Comparações entre os parâmetros do DTC e o monitoramento da PIC foram realizadas. Resultados: Vinte porcos foram estudados, dez no grupo A e dez no grupo B. Correlação significativa entre IP e PIC foi obtida, principalmente logo após a elevação abrupta da PIC. Não houve correlação entre PIC e FVs, FVd ou FVm separadamente. Também não houve alteração significativa na PIC após a infusão de SSH. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram o potencial do IP como um bom parâmetro para a avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de elevação da PIC.

3.
Clinics ; 75: e1212, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055876

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the findings of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in patients with a clinical diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI). METHOD: From our outpatient neurotology clinic, we selected patients (using the criteria proposed by Grad and Baloh) with a clinical diagnosis of VBI. We excluded patients with any definite cause for vestibular symptoms, a noncontrolled metabolic disease or any contraindication to MRA or TCD. The patients in the study group were sex- and age-matched with subjects who did not have vestibular symptoms (control group). Our final group of patients included 24 patients (study, n=12; control, n=12). RESULTS: The MRA results did not demonstrate significant differences in the findings between our study and control groups. TCD demonstrated that the systolic pulse velocity of the right middle cerebral artery, end diastolic velocity of the basilar artery, pulsatility index (PI) of the left middle cerebral artery, PI of the right middle cerebral artery, and PI of the basilar artery were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group, suggesting abnormalities affecting the microcirculation of patients with a clinical diagnosis of VBI compared with controls. CONCLUSION: MRA failed to reveal abnormalities in patients with a clinical diagnosis of VBI compared with controls. The PI of the basilar artery, measured using TCD, demonstrated high sensitivity (91%) and specificity (91%) for detecting clinically diagnosed VBI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Basilar Artery/diagnostic imaging , Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial/methods , Magnetic Resonance Angiography , Blood Flow Velocity , Microcirculation
4.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 38(4): 257-262, 15/12/2019.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1362529

ABSTRACT

Objective To evaluate the interobserver reliability of a new scale created for quantitatively assessing brain swelling in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using the computed tomography (CT) findings in three levels. Methods Computed tomography scans of severe head injury patients were randomly selected from a tertiary hospital image database and evaluated by independent groups of neurosurgeons, neurosurgery residents, radiologists, and intensivists from the same hospital. Each specialist assessed the tomographic findings, applying zero to six points in a new scale. The Kappa coefficient was calculated to assess interobserver agreement. Results The highest reliability coefficient was obtained by the neurosurgeons group (0.791; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.975­0.607; p < 0.001), followed by the neurosurgery residents group (0.402; 95%CI: 0.569­0.236; p < 0.001) and by the radiologists group (0.301; 95%CI: 0.488­0.113; p < 0.002). The lowest coefficient was found among the intensivists (0.248; 95%CI: 0.415­0.081; p » 0.004). Conclusion The proposed scale showed good reliability among neurosurgeons, and moderate overall reliability. This tomographic classification might be useful to better assist severe TBI victims, allowing to identify the worsening or amelioration of brain swelling, which should be further investigated. The scale seems to be feasible, even in low income countries,where the costof intracranial pressure (ICP)monitoring is higher than thatofCTs.


Subject(s)
Brain Edema/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Observer Variation , Reproducibility of Results , Prognosis , Reference Values , Pilot Projects , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications
5.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 65(10): 1249-1253, Oct. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041030

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE In this study, we intend to identify the prevalence of clinical variables in children with microcephaly. METHODS This is a cross-sectional and observational study with data collected from medical records of patients admitted to the microcephaly outpatient clinic of a referral center in Teresina-PI. Demographic (gender and age) and clinical data (presence of epilepsy, dysphagia, irritability, and associated comorbidities) were collected. The frequency of Zika virus as a probable etiology was determined from computed tomography patterns and the exclusion of other etiologies by serological tests. RESULTS A total of 67 patient records were evaluated, of which 31 were male and 36 were female, with a mean age of 1 year and 10 months. The most prevalent clinical variables were epilepsy, present in 47 children (70.2%), and irritability in 37 (55.2%). Also with a high frequency, 22 had dysphagia (32.8%), and 13 had musculoskeletal comorbidities (19.4%). Only three patients in the sample had cardiac abnormalities (4.5%), and no endocrine comorbidity was found. A total of 38 children in the sample (56.7%) presented ZIKV as a probable etiology and, in these cases, there was a higher frequency of epilepsy and dysphagia compared to other etiologies, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Epilepsy, irritability, dysphagia, and musculoskeletal comorbidities were the most frequent clinical variables in children with microcephaly. There was a high prevalence of congenital ZIKV microcephaly syndrome in this sample.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Pretende-se, neste estudo, identificar a prevalência de variáveis clínicas em crianças com microcefalia. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional com dados coletados de prontuários de pacientes admitidos no ambulatório de microcefalia de um centro de referência em Teresina (PI). Foram coletados dados demográficos (gênero Ve idade) e clínicos (presença de epilepsia, disfagia, irritabilidade e comorbidades associadas). A frequência de Zika vírus como provável etiologia foi determinada a partir de padrões da tomografia computadorizada e da exclusão de outras etiologias por exames sorológicos. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 67 prontuários de pacientes, sendo 31 do sexo masculino e 36 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 1 ano e 10 meses. As variáveis clínicas mais prevalentes foram epilepsia, presente em 47 das crianças (70,2%), e irritabilidade, em 37 (55,2%). Também com elevada frequência, 22 possuíam quadro de disfagia (32,8%) e 13 apresentavam comorbidades osteomusculares (19,4%). Apenas três pacientes da amostra tinham quadro de alterações cardiológicas (4,5%) e nenhuma comorbidade endocrinológica foi encontrada. Trinta e oito crianças da amostra (56,7%) apresentaram ZIKV como provável etiologia e, nesses casos, houve maior frequência de epilepsia e disfagia em comparação com outras etiologias, embora não de forma significativa estatisticamente. CONCLUSÕES Epilepsia, irritabilidade, disfagia e comorbidades osteomusculares foram as variáveis clínicas mais frequentes em crianças com microcefalia. Houve uma prevalência alta de síndrome de microcefalia congênita por ZIKV nessa amostra.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant , Child, Preschool , Young Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Microcephaly/virology , Musculoskeletal Abnormalities/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology , Rehabilitation Centers , Congenital Abnormalities/etiology , Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Brazil , Comorbidity , Medical Records , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Zika Virus Infection/congenital , Zika Virus Infection/rehabilitation , Microcephaly/rehabilitation
6.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 11(4): 389-397, Oct,-Dec. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-891043

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT. Aging, hypertension (HTN), and other cardiovascular risk factors contribute to structural and functional changes of the arterial wall. Objective: To evaluate whether arterial stiffness (AS) is related to cerebral blood flow changes and its association with cognitive function in patients with hypertension. Methods: 211 patients (69 normotensive and 142 hypertensive) were included. Patients with hypertension were divided into 2 stages: HTN stage-1 and HTN stage-2. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and a battery of neuropsychological (NPE) tests were used to determine cognitive function. Pulse wave velocity was measured using the Complior®. Carotid properties were assessed by radiofrequency ultrasound. Central arterial pressure and augmentation index were obtained using applanation tonometry. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Results: Both arterial stiffness parameters and cerebral vasoreactivity worsened in line with HTN severity. There was a negative correlation between breath holding index (BHI) and arterial stiffness parameters. Cognitive performance worsened in line with HTN severity, with statistical difference occurring mainly between the HTN-2 and normotension groups on both the MMSE and MoCA. The same tendency was observed on the NPE tests. Conclusion: Hypertension severity was associated with higher AS, worse BHI, and lower cognitive performance.


RESUMO. A idade, hipertensão arterial (HA), e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular contribuem para as alterações estruturais e funcionais da parede arterial. Objetivo: Avaliar o quanto a rigidez arterial está relacionada com as alterações do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e sua associação com a função cognitiva em pacientes com hipertensão. Métodos: Foram incluídos 211 pacientes (69 normotensos e 142 hipertensos). Os pacientes com hipertensão foram divididos em dois estágios: HA-1 e HA-2. O mini exame do estado mental (MEEM), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos foram usados para avaliar a função cognitiva. A velocidade da onda de pulso foi medida usando o Complior®. As propriedades da artéria carótida foram avaliadas usando o ultrassom de radiofrequência. A pressão arterial central e o índice de incremento foram obtidos usando a tonometria de aplanação. A velocidade de fluxo sanguíneo da arterial cerebral média foi medida pelo ultrassom com Doppler Transcraniano. Resultados: Tanto os parâmetros da rigidez arterial quanto a vasorreatividade cerebral foram piores com a gravidade da hipertensão. Houve uma correlação negativa entre o índice de apnéia e os parâmetros da rigidez arterial. O desempenho cognitivo foi pior com a gravidade de hipertensão arterial com diferença estatística ocorrendo principalmente entre os grupos HA-2 e normotensão tanto no MEEM quanto no MoCA. A mesma tendência foi observada em relação aos testes neuropsicológicos. Conclusão: A gravidade de hipertensão arterial foi associada com maior rigidez arterial, pior índice de apneia, e menor desempenho cognitivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Cognition , Vascular Stiffness , Hypertension
7.
Int. arch. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 21(3): 302-307, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-892802

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is defined as transitory ischemia of the vertebrobasilar circulation. Dizziness, vertigo, headaches, vomit, diplopia, blindness, ataxia, imbalance, and weakness in both sides of the body are the most common symptoms. Objective To review the literature regarding the three available diagnostic testing in patients with dizziness complaints secondary to vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI): magnetic resonance angiography; transcranial Doppler ultrasound; and vertebrobasilar deprivation testing. Data Synthesis We selected 28 studies that complied with our selection criteria for appraisal. The most frequent cause of the hemodynamic changes leading to VBI is atherosclerosis. The main clinical symptoms are dizziness, vertigo, headaches, vomit, diplopia, blindness, ataxia, imbalance, and weakness in both sides of the body. Even though arteriography is considered the most important exam to diagnose the disease, the inherent risks of this exam should be taken into consideration. The magnetic resonance angiography has been widely studied and is a good method to identify and localize any occlusions and stenosis in both neck and intracranial great vessels. Conclusion Each patient with a suspected diagnosis of VBI should be individually evaluated and treated, taking in consideration the pros and cons of each diagnostic testing and treatment option.

8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 75(7): 470-476, July 2017.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888303

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Intracranial hypertension and brain swelling are a major cause of morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The pathogenesis of these complications has been investigated in man, in experimental models and in isolated cell systems. Currently, the mechanism underlying cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in the presence of FHF is multi-factorial in etiology and only partially understood. The aim of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of cerebral hemodynamic and metabolism changes in FHF in order to improve understanding of intracranial dynamics complication in FHF.


RESUMO O edema cerebral e a hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) são as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes com insuficiência hepática fulminante (IHF). A patogênese dessas complicações tem sido investigada no homem, em modelos experimentais e em sistemas celulares isolados. Atualmente, o mecanismo subjacente ao edema cerebral e HIC na presença de IHF é multifatorial em etiologia e pouco compreendido na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia das alterações hemodinâmicas e metabólicas cerebrais na IHF, visando melhorar a compreensão da complicação da hemodinâmica encefálica na IHF.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Edema/etiology , Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Liver Failure, Acute/complications , Intracranial Hypertension/etiology , Brain Edema/physiopathology , Hepatic Encephalopathy/etiology , Hepatic Encephalopathy/physiopathology , Hepatic Encephalopathy/metabolism , Liver Failure, Acute/physiopathology , Liver Failure, Acute/metabolism , Intracranial Hypertension/physiopathology
9.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 33(4): 300-305, dez. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-782246

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Neste trabalho temos o objetivo de avaliar a acura?cia do sistema de aferic?a?o da pressão intracraniana (PIC) epidural com microchip. Me?todos: Foram estudados 27 sui?nos sob anestesia geraI, devidamente assistidos com monitoração ventilatória e hemodina?mica. Durante o experimento foi reproduzido um processo expansivo intracerebral programado no lobo frontal direito. O experimento constou de tre?s grupos (A, B e C) com hipertensão intracraniana gerada com balão reproduzindoum hematoma intracerebral. Em todos os grupos foram calibrados os para?metros normais: os dois sistemas de PIC foram comparados e estudados quanto a? correlação dos valores aferidos. Resultados: O comportamento médio da PIC ao longo dos momentos de avaliac?a?o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p < 0,001). A reprodução de ressangramento resultou em elevac?a?o significativa da PIC (p < 0,001). Avaliando-se a acura?cia comparativa geral, verificou-se um coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,8. Conclusa?o: O modelo de hipertensa?o intracraniana por bala?o em sui?nos e? facti?vel e confia?vel na gerac?a?o de hipertensa?o intracraniana. O sistema de aferic?a?o de pressa?o intracranianaepidural apresenta elevado coeficiente de correlac?a?o com o sistema de aferic?a?o parenquimatoso na avaliac?a?o global.


Objective: In this paper we aim to evaluate the accuracy of the measurement with microchip epidural system. Methods: Twenty-seven pigs with were studied, under generaI anesthesia, properly assisted with ventilation and hemodynamic monitoring. During the experiment, we have simulated frontal intracerebral expansive process. The experiment consisted of three groups (A, B and C) with intracranial hypertension generated with the simulation of an intracerebral hematoma. The two systems were compared andstudied as the correlation of the measured values. Results: The average behavior of the increased intracranial pressure (ICP) over the time points are statistically different between groups (p < 0.001). The simulation of rebleeding resulted in a significant increase in ICP (p < 0.001). Evaluating the overall comparative accuracy there was an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.8. Conclusion: The model of intracranial hypertension balloon in pigs is feasible and reliable in generating intracranial hypertension. The system for measuring intracranial epidural pressure has a high correlation coefficient with the system parenchymal gauging the overall evaluation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cerebral Hemorrhage , Intracranial Hypertension , Intracranial Pressure , Epidural Space , Models, Animal
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(9): 653-658, 09/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722144

ABSTRACT

Objective To describe characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder in Wilson’s disease. Method Questionnaire-based interviews (patients and relatives), neurological examinations, two-week prospective dream-diary, video-polysomnography, transcranial sonography, MRI. Results Four Wilson’s disease cases with REM sleep behavior disorder were described; three had REM sleep behavior disorder as initial symptom. All showed mesencephalic tegmental/tectal sonographic hyperechogenicities and two presented ponto-mesencephalic tegmental MRI hyperintensities. Conclusion This first description of REM sleep behavior disorder in Wilson’s disease in literature documents REM sleep behavior disorder as a possible presenting symptom of Wilson’s disease and adds further evidence to the parallelism of Parkinson’s disease and Wilson’s disease in phenotype and brainstem topography, which ought to be further studied. REM sleep behavior disorder has prognostic relevance for neurodegeneration in α-synucleinopathies. In Wilson’s disease, usefulness of early diagnosis and treatment are already well established. REM sleep behavior disorder in Wilson’s disease offers a possible theoretical model for potential early treatment in this extrapyramidal and brainstem paradigm syndrome, previewing the possibility of neuroprotective treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder in “pre-clinical” Parkinson’s disease. .


Objetivo Descrever características do transtorno comportamental do sono REM (TCSR) na doença de Wilson (DW). Método Aplicação de entrevistas, vídeo-polissonografia, sonografia transcraniana (STC), ressonância magnética (RM), diário de sonhos. Resultados Descrevemos quatro casos de DW com TCSR. Três apresentaram o TCSR como primeira manifestação. Todos mostraram hiperecogenicidades mesencefálicas na STC, dois apresentaram hiperintensidades ponto-mesencefálicas na RM. Conclusão Esta é a primeira descrição do TCSR na DW. Relatamos o TCSR como um sintoma inicial da DW. Acrescentamos prova para o paralelismo entre a doença de Parkinson e DW, com relação aos fenótipos e localização das lesões cerebrais. Nas alfa-sinucleinopatias, o TCSR tem relevância prognóstica quanto à neurodegeneração. Na DW, já conhecemos a importância de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. O TCSR na DW oferece um modelo para antecipar o tratamento desta síndrome de acometimento dos núcleos basais e tronco, vislumbrando a possibilidade de tratamento neuroprotetor para a fase “pré-clínica” da DP. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/physiopathology , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/physiopathology , Early Diagnosis , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/drug therapy , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neurologic Examination , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Polysomnography , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/drug therapy , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/pathology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
12.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(10): 802-806, out. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-689792

ABSTRACT

Objective Intracranial hypertension (IH) develops in approximately 50% of all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, it is very important to identify a suitable animal model to study and understand the pathophysiology of refractory IH to develop effective treatments. Methods We describe a new experimental porcine model designed to simulate expansive brain hematoma causing IH. Under anesthesia, IH was simulated with a balloon insufflation. The IH variables were measured with intracranial pressure (ICP) parenchymal monitoring, epidural, cerebral oximetry, and transcranial Doppler (TCD). Results None of the animals died during the experiment. The ICP epidural showed a slower rise compared with parenchymal ICP. We found a correlation between ICP and cerebral oximetry. Conclusion The model described here seems useful to understand some of the pathophysiological characteristics of acute IH. .


Objetivo A hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) ocorre em até 50% de todos os pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE). Por isso, é importante estabelecer um modelo animal adequado para estudar a fisiopatologia da HIC refratária, com a perspectiva de desenvolver tratamentos eficazes. Métodos Os animais foram submetidos a um protocolo padrão de anestesia. A hipertensão intracraniana foi estabelecida através de insuflação de um balão. As variáveis HIC foram medidas com a pressão intracraniana (PIC) do parênquima, oximetria, epidural e doppler transcraniano. Resultados A PIC epidural apresentou elevação mais lenta, comparada com a PIC parenquimal. Houve correlação entre a PIC e a oximetria cerebral. O registro da PIC, oximetria e índice de pulsatilidade foi realizado em todos os animais sem dificuldade. Conclusão O modelo descrito parece ser útil para a compreensão de algumas características fisiopatológicas na HIC aguda. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Intracranial Hypertension/physiopathology , Neurophysiological Monitoring/methods , Acute Disease , Algorithms , Oximetry , Pilot Projects , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Swine , Time Factors , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
13.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(9A): 600-603, set. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687265

ABSTRACT

Objective Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) can be a frustrating experience for patients since it poses a therapeutic challenge. In this article the authors describe the clinical characteristics of a group of patients with pain after spinal cord injury. Methods In this retrospective study, 213 patients with SCI and neuropathic pain were assessed. We analyzed clinical characteristics, treatment options, and pain intensity for these patients. Results The main cause of SCI was spine trauma, which occurred in 169 patients, followed by tumors and infection. Complete lesions were verified in 144 patients. In our study, patients with traumatic SCI and partial lesions seem to be presented with more intense pain; however, this was not statistically significant. Conclusions Neuropathic pain is a common complaint in patients with SCI and presents a treatment challenge. Knowledge of the clinical characteristics of this group of patients may help determine the best approach to intervention. .


Objetivo Tratamento de dor neuropática após lesão da medula espinhal (LM) representa um desafio terapêutico.e pode ser uma experiência frustrante para os pacientes. Os autores descrevem as características clínicas de um grupo de pacientes tratados com dor após lesão medular. Método Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 213 pacientes com LM e dor neuropática. Em relação a características clínicas, opções de tratamento e intensidade da dor nestes pacientes. Resultados A principal causa foi traumatismo raquimedular, que ocorreu em 169 pacientes, seguida por tumores e infecções. Lesões completas foram verificadas em 144 pacientes. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes com traumatismos e lesões parciais apresentaram dor aparentementemais intensa, no entanto, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão A dor neuropática é uma queixa comum em pacientes com LM e apresenta um desafio para equipe de tratamento. Conhecimento das características clínicas deste grupo de pacientes pode ajudar a determinar a melhor abordagem para intervenção terapêutica. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Neuralgia/etiology , Pain Measurement , Spinal Cord Injuries/complications , Neuralgia/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies
14.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(5): 320-326, maio 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-674215

ABSTRACT

Coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke are frequent coexistent conditions that share risk factors and pose major burdens to global health. Even though a clear relation has been established between extracranial internal carotid artery atherosclerosis and symptomatic or asymptomatic coronary heart disease, there is a gap in knowledge about the association between intracranial atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Intracranial atherosclerosis is associated with high risks of stroke recurrence and vascular death. More research and clinical trials are needed to answer whether early diagnosis of asymptomatic coronary heart disease and aggressive treatment can decrease the risk of vascular death in patients with ischemic stroke caused by intracranial atherosclerosis.


A doença coronária e o acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico são condições frequentemente associadas, que compartilham fatores de risco e representam grande sobrecarga à saúde mundial. Embora seja claramente reconhecida a relação entre a doença coronária sintomática ou assintomática e a aterosclerose da artéria carótida interna em sua porção extracraniana, há uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre a associação entre doença coronária e aterosclerose intracraniana, que por sua vez é associada a alto risco de recorrência de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico e de morte por causas vasculares. é necessário avaliar se o diagnóstico precoce da doença coronária assintomática e seu tratamento agressivo podem diminuir o risco de morte por causas vasculares em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico ocasionado por aterosclerose intracraniana.


Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Disease/etiology , Intracranial Arteriosclerosis/complications , Stroke/etiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology , Coronary Disease/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Stroke/diagnosis
15.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 70(10): 793-798, Oct. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-651595

ABSTRACT

Brain metastases (BM) are one of the most common intracranial tumors and surgical treatment can improve both the functional outcomes and patient survival, particularly when systemic disease is controlled. Image-guided BM resection using intraoperative exams, such as intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS), can lead to better surgical results. METHODS: To evaluate the use of IOUS for BM resection, 20 consecutives patients were operated using IOUS to locate tumors, identify their anatomical relationships and surgical cavity after resection. Technical difficulties, complications, recurrence and survival rates were noted. RESULTS: IOUS proved effective for locating, determining borders and defining the anatomical relationships of BM, as well as to identify incomplete tumor resection. No complications related to IOUS were seen. CONCLUSION: IOUS is a practical supporting method for the resection of BM, but further studies comparing this method with other intraoperative exams are needed to evaluate its actual contribution and reliability.


As metástases cerebrais (MC) são os tumores intracranianos mais frequentes e seu tratamento cirúrgico pode melhorar a sobrevida e a funcionalidade do paciente, especialmente quando a doença sistêmica está controlada. A ressecção das MC guiada por imagens de exames intraoperatórios, como ultrassom intraoperatório (USIO), pode levar a melhores resultados cirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: Avaliar o uso do USIO nas ressecções de MC de 20 pacientes para localizar os tumores, avaliar suas relações anatômicas e a cavidade cirúrgica após o procedimento. As dificuldades técnicas, complicações, recorrência e taxa de sobrevivência foram anotadas em cada caso. RESULTADOS: USIO foi eficaz para localizar, delinear e definir as relações anatômicas das MC, assim como a ocorrência de ressecção incompleta. Não foram encontradas complicações relacionadas ao uso do USIO. CONCLUSÃO: USIO é um método auxiliar prático para as ressecções de MC, porém outros estudos ainda se fazem necessários para avaliar sua real contribuição nesses procedimentos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Brain Neoplasms/secondary , Brain Neoplasms , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Intraoperative Period , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Ultrasonography, Interventional
17.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 10(2)apr.-jun. 2012. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644892

ABSTRACT

Transcranial sonography has become a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes. This is a non-invasive, low cost procedure. The main finding on transcranial sonography in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease is an increased echogenicity of the mesencephalic substantia nigra region. This hyperechogenicity is present in more than 90% of cases, and reflects a dysfunction in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. This study discussed how the hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra may facilitate the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes.


A ultrassonografia transcraniana tem se tornado ferramenta útil no diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes parkinsonianas. Trata-se de um método não invasivo e de baixo custo. O principal achado da ultrassonografia transcraniana em pacientes com doença de Parkinson idiopática é o aumento da ecogenicidade, ou hiperecogenicidade, na região da substância negra mesencefálica, presente em mais de 90% dos casos, o que reflete disfunção da via dopaminérgica nigroestriatal. O presente trabalho abordou como a hiperecogenicidade da substância negra pode auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes parkinsonianas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Diagnosis, Differential , Parkinson Disease , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
18.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 31(2)jun. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-666949

ABSTRACT

O termo síndrome da disautonomia pós-traumática é usado para identificar uma síndrome de hiperatividade simpática e muscular paroxística após TCE. Essa síndrome representa uma afecção grave, frequentemente subestimada na assistência ao paciente com neurotrauma e que resulta em piora da recuperação funcional e elevação dos custos hospitalares por aumento do tempo de internação. Neste artigo, realizamos uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre os princípios fisiopatológicos e abordagem terapêutica na síndrome da disautonomia no paciente com traumatismo cranioencefálico.


Dysautonomic post-traumatic syndrome consists in a paroxystic condition sympathetic and muscle hyperactivity after TBI. This syndrome is a serious condition, often underestimated in assisting the patient with neurotrauma and that result in worsening of functional recovery and increased hospital costs by increasing the length of stay. In this paper, we conducted a critical review of the literature on the physiopathological and therapeutic mechanisms in the syndrome of autonomic dysfunction in patients with traumatic brain injury.


Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Dysautonomias/complications , Primary Dysautonomias/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology
19.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 70(5): 352-356, May 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-622575

ABSTRACT

Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism are frequently impaired in a wide range of neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury and stroke, with several pathophysiological mechanisms of injury. The resultant uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism can trigger secondary brain lesions, particularly in early phases, consequently worsening the patient's outcome. Cerebral blood flow regulation is influenced by blood gas content, blood viscosity, body temperature, cardiac output, altitude, cerebrovascular autoregulation, and neurovascular coupling, mediated by chemical agents such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), eicosanoid products, oxygen-derived free radicals, endothelins, K+, H+, and adenosine. A better understanding of these factors is valuable for the management of neurocritical care patients. The assessment of both cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in the acute phase of neurocritical care conditions may contribute to a more effective planning of therapeutic strategies for reducing secondary brain lesions. In this review, the authors have discussed concepts of cerebral hemodynamics, considering aspects of clinical importance.


Alterações hemodinâmicas e metabólicas do encéfalo ocorrem frequentemente em diversas doenças neurológicas, principalmente em condições de traumatismo cranioencefálico e acidente vascular encefálico, com vários mecanismos patofisiológicos lesionais. O desacoplamento resultante do fluxo sanguíneo e do metabolismo encefálico pode resultar em lesões encefálicas secundárias, principalmente nas primeiras fases, e, consequentemente, no agravamento do desfecho neurológico dos pacientes. Diversos fatores influenciam o fluxo sanguíneo encefálico, entre eles, a concentração sanguínea de gases, viscosidade sanguínea, temperatura corpórea, débito cardíaco, altitude, autorregulação cerebrovascular e acoplamento neurovascular, que é mediado por óxido nítrico (ON), monóxido de carbono (CO), eicosanoides, radicais livres derivados do oxigênio, endotelinas, potássio, íons hidrogênio e adenosinas. Melhor compreensão destes fatores é fundamental para o manejo clínico dos pacientes neurológicos críticos. A avaliação hemodinâmica e metabólica do encéfalo nas lesões encefálicas agudas pode contribuir para o planejamento de estratégias de redução das lesões encefálicas secundárias. Nesta revisão, os autores discutiram princípios da hemodinâmica encefálica, considerando os aspectos de importância clínica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Brain/metabolism , Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology , Acute Disease , Altitude , Blood Viscosity/physiology , Body Temperature Regulation/physiology , Brain Injuries/metabolism , Brain/physiology , Cardiac Output/physiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/metabolism , Hemodynamics/physiology , Homeostasis/physiology
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